John MINTA

16 MAR 1841 - 1 JAN 1922

• BIRTH: 16 MAR 1841, Grudzien-Grudziadz, Kuyavian-Pomeranian, Poland
• BURIAL: 4 JAN 1922, St Adalberts Cemetery, Niles, Cook, Illinois
• DEATH: 1 JAN 1922, Chicago, Cook, IL

1. +John MINTA

INDEX

[N8470] Name: John Minta
Titles and Terms (Original):
Event Date: 01 Jan 1922
Event Place: Chicago, Cook, Illinois
Gender: Male
Marital Status:
Race:
Age: 81
Birth Year (Estimated): 1841
Birth Date: 16 Mar 1841
Birthplace: Poland
Father's Name: John Minta
Father's Titles and Terms:
Father's Birthplace: Poland
Mother's Name: Not Known
Mother's Titles and Terms:
Mother's Birthplace:
Occupation: Cake Maker
Residence Place: County of Cook, Chicago
Address:
Spouse's Name: Sophia Minta
Spouse's Titles and Terms (Original):
Spouse's Birthplace:
Burial Date: 04 Jan 1922
Burial Place: St. Adalberts Cemetery
Cemetery: Niles Cook IL
Citing this Record

"Illinois Deaths and Stillbirths, 1916-1947," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NQYR-DMF : accessed 11 Jan 2014), John Minta, 01 Jan 1922.

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Grudziadz is located close to the east shore of river Vistula, approximately 22 kilometres (14 miles) north-east of Swiecie, 93 km (58 mi) south of Gdansk and 170 km (106 mi) south-west of Kaliningrad.
History
As part of Piast Poland

Initially Grudzia;dz was a defensive gr©dd founded by Polish ruler Boles?aw Chrobry.
State of the Teutonic Knights

The settlement was re-fortified again since 1234 by the Teutonic Order; the erection of the castle with the help of stone as building material was begun with around the middle of the 13th century. Under the protection of the castle the settlement gradually begun to develop to a town. In 1277 both "the castle and the town" were besieged heavily by the Yotvingians.[citation needed] The settlement adopted Kulm law in 1291 while under the rule of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.

The oldest building parts of the Catholic St. Nicholas' Church stem from the end of the 13th century. The Holy Spirit Church, which apparently was founded already during the 13th century, is mentioned together with the town's hospital for the first time in 1345.[citation needed] Also other documents reveal that in the 14th century the town had already a well-developed infrastructure. A document of 1380, as an example, refers to the construction of an aqueduct, of a fountain and of the establishment of a town-hall cellar.

During the era of the State of the Teutonic Knights Graudenz had become a distinguished trade center, in particular for textiles and agricultural products including grain.[citation needed] Around 1454 Graudenz had already reached about the same level of economical development as other towns in western Prussia, such as Danzig (Gdansk), Elbing (Elbla;g), Thorn (Torun'), Marienburg (Malbork), Kulm (Che?mno), Konitz (Chojnice), Neumark (Nowe Miasto Lubawskie) and Preu©isch Stargard (Starogard Gdan'ski).
Under the crown of the Kingdom of Poland

In 1440, Graudenz joined the Prussian Confederation opposing the government of the State of the Teutonic Knights. At the beginning of the Thirteen Years' War of the Cities (145466) the citizens forced the Teutonic Order to hand over the castle. Although in the town there existed also a strong party supporting the Knights, during the entire war both the town and the castle remained in possession of the confederation party. The confederation party formally asked the King of Poland, Casimir IV Jagiellon, to join Poland. Thus, among other towns, in the mid-15th century Grudzia;dz also came under the protectorate of Poland. Between 1466 and 1772 the city belonged to the province of Royal Prussia under the crown of the Kingdom of Poland.
City walls of Grudzia;dz, the southern side, 14th/15th century

After the great depression of the War of the Cities, new economical growth in the town was slow before the middle of the 16th century; the progress was hampered by the religious struggle, and by the PolishSwedish wars throughout the 17th century.[citation needed] At the end of 1655 the town and its castle were captured by the Swedes, who held them occupied for four years. In 1659 the Swedes had been besieged for several days and retreated. During their departure part of the town was destroyed by fire.

Following Protestant Reformation, in 1569 the local Protestants were given access to the Holy Spirit Church; in 1572 Catholicism seemed to have vanished almost entirely in the town.[citation needed] In 1597 King Sigismund III Vasa gave order that the Protestants had to return all churches taken over by them in the past to the Catholics, including all accessories. The Protestants remained in possession solely of St. George's Church until in 1618 the base of the building was washed under by river Vistula, and the church had to be teared off. For a while they utilized once more the vacant Holy Spoirit Church, until in 1624 this building together with the hospital had to be handed over to nuns of the Order of Saint Benedict for the purpose of founding an affiliated institution

Since 1622 Jesuits from Thorn (Torun') had a station in Graudenz, which in 1640 was already so strong that it was able to form a residence in Graudenz, despite of objections from the side of the magistrate of the town.[citation needed] In 1648 construction work for building a Jesuit church was taken up.

The town proper was surrounded by town walls, except on the side of river Vistula, where instead of walls there stood huge massive grain silos, from where grain could be transported through wooden pipes to the embankment of the river.
Prussia and Germany

Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the city was annexed by the German Kingdom of Prussia. In 1773 the town had a population of only 2,172 persons. In order to stimulate municipal trade, Frederick the Great brought in 44 colonist families. Grain trade flourished; among the most successful grain traders was the Sch©œnborn family.[6] In 1776 a decision was made to built a fortess in the town. During the Napoleonic invasion in Prussia in 1806/07, the fortress was successfully defended by General of Infantry Wilhelm Ren©b de l'Homme de Courbi©•re against attacks by French troops.

In 1871 Graudenz became part of the unified German Empire. With the improvement of the railway network in Germany, Graudenz transiently lost its meaning as an important trading place for grain. In 1878 the railway line Go©lershausenGraudenz was opened. After the construction of a railroad bridge across the Vistula in 1878, in 1789 the railway line GraudenzLaskowitz was opened in addition, and Graudenz became a rapidly growing industrialized city. In 1883 also the railway line ThornGraudenzMarienburg was taken into operation.[citation needed]

In 1899 a Chamber of Commerce was opened in Graudenz, and in 1900 the town became a district center.[citation needed] A light cruiser of the German Imperial Navy, built in 1912-1914, was named after the city. The newspaper Der Gesellige, founded by book seller Rothe in 1826, belonged up to the end of World War I to the most widely spread newspapers of east Germany.[citation needed] Around the turn to the 20th century, Graudenz had become an important cultural centre in east Germany with numerous schools, municipal archives and a museum.

The city was the site of a military prison for Polish activists - those released, who left Europe, formed the Gromada Grudzia;dz in Portsmouth, England, in 1835, as part of the Great Emigration movement.

Until 1920 Graudenz belonged to the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the Province of West Prussia.
Prussian rule and Germanization in Landkreis Graudenz

In the 18th and 19th centuries the city was part of the area affected by the Prussian Partition of Poland, where Germanisation was enforced, beginning in 1772. Frederick had nourished a particular contempt for the Polish nation and state. He brought in German and Frisian workers and peasants there, who in his opinion were more suitable for building up his new civilization.[10] Frederick settled around 300,000 colonists in the eastern provinces of Prussia. Using state funds for colonization, German craftsmen were placed in all local Polish cities. A second colonization wave of ethnic Germans was pursued by Prussia after 1832. Laws were passed aimed at Germanisation of the Polish inhabited areas and 154,000 colonists were settled by the Prussian Settlement Commission before World War I. Professor Martin Kitchen writes that in areas where the Polish population lived alongside Germans a virtual apartheid existed, with bans on the Polish language and religious discrimination, besides attempts to colonize the areas with Germans.

In 1890 only about 200 Poles lived in the town of Graudenz, but approximately 16,850 Poles in the rural district of Landkreis Graudenz (as compared to about 26,000 Germans in Landkreis Graudenz).[14] To resist Germanisation,[15] Polish activists started to publish the newspaper "Gazeta Grudzia;dzka" in 1894. It advocated the social and economical emancipation of rural society and opposed Germanization publishing articles critical of Germany. The German attempts to repress its editor Wiktor Kulerski only helped to increase its circulation.[16] From 1898 to 1901, a secret society of Polish students seeking to restore Polish independence operated in the city, but the activists were tried by German courts in 1901, frustrating their efforts.

In Graudenz, German soldiers were stationed in the local fortress as part of the Germanization measures, and the authorities placed soldiers with the most chauvinistic attitude towards the Poles there. The German government brought in more stationed military, merchants and state officials to influence population figures, and in the 1910 census 84% of the population of the town and 58% of the county was recorded as German.

Census figures published by the German Empire have been criticised as unreliable. Historians believe they have a high degree of falsification; formal pressure on census takers (predominantly school-teachers) was possible, and a new bilingual category was created to further complicate the results, as bilingual people(that is those who could speak both German and Polish) wre classified as Germans.[21] Some analysts have asserted that all people registering as bilingual were classified as Germans.[22] The Polish population in this heavily Germanised city has been officially estimated at around 12-15% during this period. Memorial to Wiktor Kulerski in Grudzia;dz, founder of Gazeta Grudzia;dzka

The Polish population numbers rose steadily before the First World War. In the German election of 1912, the National Liberal Party of Germany received 53% of all votes, whilst Polish candidates won 23% of votes. In 1912, Wiktor Kulerski founded the Polish Catholic Peasant Party in the city, which aimed at protecting the local Polish population

In 1913, the Polish Gazeta Grudziadzka reached a circulation of 128,000, making it the third largest Polish newspaper in the world.
Interwar years

When on January 23, 1920, the regulations of the Treaty of Versailles became effective, and the Polish Corridor was arranged in a newly reborn Polish state (Second Polish Republic), Graudenz was incorporated under its Polish name Grudzia;dz into the new Second Polish Republic. At that time J©dzef Wlodek, the newly appointed Polish mayor, described his impression of the town as "modern but unfortunately completely German"

Between 1926 and 1934 the number of Germans (34,194 in 1910) rose from 3,542 to 3,875. Some Polish authors emphasize a wider emigration pattern motivated chiefly by economic conditions and the unwillingess of the German minority to live in the Polish state.

The German author Christian Raitz von Frentz writes that after the First World War ended, the Polish government tried to reverse the systematic Germanization of the past decades

Prejudices, stereotypes and conflicts dating back to German harsh rule and discrimination of Poles influenced Polish policies towards minorities in the new independent Polish state.

The Polish authorities, supported by the public (e.g. the explicitly anti-German Zwia;zek Obrony Kres©dw Zachodnich), initiated a number of measures to further Polonization. The local press was also hostile towards the Germans.

Fearful of a re-Germanization of the city, the Polish paper '"Slowo Pomorskie" (23.19.1923) criticized the authorities of Grudzia;dz for tolerating the local German amateur theatre "Deutsche B©ohne". The theatre was funded by money from Berlin Created before the war, its actors were mostly German officers stationed with the local garrison The mayor responded by pointing out that the theatre was being monitored because of suspected anti-state activities. According to Kotowski, this episode indicates that even the most minor activities of the German minority were closely scrutinized by the Polish authorities beginning with the earliest phase of Polish policy towards the German minority. The German theatre was re-opened by the Nazis in 1943, while the last director of the Polish theatre in the city in the years 1922-24 was murdered by them

In the 20 years between the world wars, Grudzia;dz served as an important centre of culture and education with one of the biggest Polish military garrisons and several military schools located both in and around the city. A large economic potential and the existence of important institutions like the Pomeranian Tax Office and the Pomeranian Chamber of Industry and Trade, helped Grudzia;dz become the economic capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship in the interwar period. Grudzia;dz's economic potential was featured at the First Pomeranian Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry in 1925, officially opened by Stanis?aw Wojciechowski, President of the Second Polish Republic.
The famous granaries

The 64th and 65th Infantry Regiments and the 16th Light Artillery Regiment of the Polish Army were stationed in Grudzia;dz during the 19 years of the inter-war period. They were part of the 16th Infantry Division, which had its headquarters in the city, as did the cavalry's famous 18th Pomeranian Uhlans Regiment. The Grudzia;dz Centre of Cavalry Training educated many notable army commanders. Military education in Grudzia;dz was also provided by the Centre of the Gendarmerie, the Air School of Shooting and Bombarding, and the N.C.O. Professional School, which offered courses for infantry reserve officer cadets.

In 1920 a German-language school was founded. In 1931 the Polish government decreed a reduction in the number of German classes in the school and requested lists of Catholic children and those pupils with Polish-sounding names which they viewed as victims of Germanization, from the German school. Although the list was not prepared, some of the children were transferred, which led to a school-strike.[38] The German school followed ideas and customs as those in Nazi Reich. It was headed by a Nazi sympathiser Hilgendorf who praised Nazi ideology[40] The Polish authorities were alarmed when a notebook of one female student was discovered by them, which contained the Nazi party anthem, the Horst Wessel Lied and revisionistic text. The discovery caused outrage and calls to dismiss Hilgendorf due to his irredentist beliefs[41] In November 1933 two German craftsmen were killed by a Polish mob during a local election campaign. ]
World War II