Albert Joseph PYTYNIA

6 FEB 1874 - ____

• OCCUPATION: H & B Car Co , Laporte IN
  1942
• RESIDENCE: 1942, Laporte County, IN
• BIRTH: 6 FEB 1874, Zawada, Zawada, Rzesz©dw, Galicy, Austria, Galicia
• IMMIGRATION: 1902
• IMMIGRATION: 5 JUN 1901, Bremen - NYC, Fredrich der Grosse

1.  John J PYTYNIA

INDEX

[N4870] Galicy, Austria, Galicia

The region has a turbulent history. In Roman times the region was populated by various tribes of Celto-Germanic admixture, including Celtic-based tribes like the Galice or "Gaulics" and Bolihinii or "Volhynians" the Lugians and Cotini of Celtic, Vandals and Goths of Germanic origins (the Przeworsk and P©ðchov cultures). Beginning with the Wandering of the nations, the great migration coincident with the fall of the Roman Empire, various groups of nomadic people invaded the area:

2nd5th century: Scythians, Sarmatians (including Alans, Serbs, Croats, and others, who later became slavicized
4th5th century: Huns
5th century: Avars
6th8th century: Slavs
6th9th century: Bulgars (later Slavicized), Pechenegs, Cumans, Hungarians
10th13th century: Karaites
13th18th century: Tatars and other Turco-Mongol peoples from Central Asia

Overall, Slavs (both West and East Slavs, including Lendians as well as Rusyns) came to dominate the Celtic-German population.

In 891-892 the territories of White Croats and Red Croats became under the control of the Great Moravia, a Slavic state. With the invasion of the Magyars into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, Slavic tribes of Vistulans, White Croats, Red Croats, and Lendians found themselves under Hungarian rule. In 955 those areas north of the Carpathian Mountains constituted an autonomous part of the Duchy of Bohemia and remained so until around 972, when the first Polish (western Polans) territorial claims began to emerge. This area was mentioned in 981 (by Nestor), when Vladimir the Great of Kievan Rus' claimed the area on his westward way. In the 11th century the area belonged to Poland (10181031 and 10691080), then reverted to Kievan Rus'. However, at the end of 12th century the Hungarian claims to the principality turned up. Finally Casimir III of Poland annexed it in 13401349. Low Germans from Prussia and Middle Germany settled parts of northern and western Galicia from the 13th to 18th centuries, although the vast majority of the historic province remained independent from German and Austrian rule.

The territory was settled by the East Slavs in the early middle ages and, in the 12th century, a Rurikid Principality of Halych (Halicz, Halics, Galich, Galic) formed there, merged in the end of the century with the neighboring Volhynia into the Principality of Halych Volhynia that existed for a century and a half. By 1352, when the principality was partitioned between the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, most of Galicia belonged to the Polish Crown, where it still remained after the 1569 union between Poland and Lithuania. Upon the partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772 the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, or simply Galicia, became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of the Austrian Empire, where it remained until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I in 1918.
Origins and variations of the name

In the 13th century King Andrew II of Hungary used the style Galicia et Lodomeria - a Latinised version of the Slavic names Halych and Volodymyr, the major cities of the principality of Halych-Volhynia, which the Hungarians rule from 1214 to 1221. No doubt,[original research?] that Latin designation Galicia et Lodomeria was used for this land before the period when it had been occupied by Andrew II for seven years. Prior to that, Halych-Volhynia cut a swathe as a mighty principality under the reign of Roman the Great in 11701205. After the expulsion of the Hungarians in 1221, Ruthenians took back rule of the area. Roman's son Danylo was crowned king of Halych-Volhynia. He founded Lviv (Leopolis), named in honour of his son Lev. Lev moved the capital from Halych to Lviv.

The Ukrainian name Halych (Halicz in Polish, in Russian, Galic in Latin) comes from the Khwalis or Kaliz who occupied the area from the time of the Magyars. They were also called Khalisioi in Greek, and Khvalis in Ukrainian. Some historians (occidentalists) speculated it had to do with a people of Celtic origin that may have settled nearby, being related to many similar place names found across Europe and Asia Minor, such as ancient Gallia or Gaul (modern France, Belgium, northern Italy) and Galatia (modern Turkey), Iberian peninsula Galicia, and Romanian Galat,i. Others assert that the name has Slavic origins from halytsa (galitsa) meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from halka (galka) which means "a jackdaw". The jackdaw was used as a charge in the city's coat of arms and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia. The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology.

Although the Hungarians were driven out from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add Galicia et Lodomeria to their official titles. In 1527 the Habsburgs inherited those titles, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772, Empress Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, decided to use those historical claims to justify her participation in the first partition of Poland. In fact, the territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia. Volhynia, including the city of Volodymyr-Volynskyi (W?odzimierz Wo?yn'ski) after which Lodomeria was named was taken by Russia, not Austria. On the other hand, much of Lesser Poland Nowy Sa;cz and Przemys'l (17721918), Zamos'c' (17721809), Lublin (17951809), Krak©dw (18461918) did become part of Austrian Galicia. Moreover, despite the fact that the claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, Galicia and Lodomeria was not officially assigned to Hungary, and after the Ausgleich of 1867, it found itself in Cisleithania, or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary.

The full official name of the new Austrian province was Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator. After the incorporation of the Free City of Krak©dw in 1846, it was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Krak©dw with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator (German: K©œnigreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Gro©herzogtum Krakau und den Herzogt©omern Auschwitz und Zator).

Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the Austrian emperor's titles, each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed a single province. The duchies of Auschwitz (Os'wie;cim) and Zator were small historical principalities west of Krak©dw, on the border with Prussian Silesia. Lodomeria, under the name Volhynia, was ruled not by Austria but by the Russian Empire.